Manifest+Destiny+-+F

=**OBJECTIVES**:=


 * 1) Describe the backgrounds such as the conditions of the western "borderlands" of the 1830s as well as the factors attracting American settlers and explain the Mormom Trek
 * 2) Discuss the causes, events, and results of the Texas revolution
 * 3) Explain Mormon Trek
 * 4) Explain the Polk administration and evaluate its success and failures. + Manifest Destiny
 * 5) Discuss the cause, course, and effect of the Mexican American War and answer "so what" question.

=Outline:=
 * 1) Bell Work
 * 2) Lesson
 * 3) Describe the backgrounds such as the conditions of the western "borderlands" of the 1830s as well as the factors attracting American settlers and explian the Doctrine of Manifest Destiny
 * 4) Discuss the causes, events, and results of the Texas revolution
 * 5) Explain Mormon Trek
 * 6) Lesson
 * 7) Explain the Polk administration and evaluate its success and failures. + Manifest Destiny
 * 8) Activity
 * 9) Discuss the cause, course, and effect of the Mexican American War and answer "so what" question.
 * 10) Activity
 * 11) Assessment

=Lecture PPT=

=Bellwork= If you were an American in 1830s, why would you want to move to the West?

=MOVEMENT TO THE FAR WEST=

By the 1830s, the western boundary of the United States had reached the Mississippi River, and the original thirteen states had expanded to seventeen with the admission of Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. When the size of the country doubled with the Louisiana Purchase, the colonists started to control land stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to British Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Florida was acquired from Spain in 1819. Nagging questions over the border with Canada were worked out through the **Webster-Ashburton Treaty** (1842), which gave over half of the disputed territory to the United States and established a definite northeastern boundary with Canada. The long-standing dispute with Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved by establishing the **forty-ninth parallel** as the boundary (1846).
 * Borderlands of the 1830s**

**WHY SUDDENLY WESTWARD EXPANSION?**
Mexico faced serious problems after it became independent from Spain in 1821. After a brief flirtation with monarchy, it became a republic, and a succession of presidents wrangled over whether the new nation should be centralist, with a strong government in Mexico City, or federalist, with considerable autonomy given to the provinces. Mexico's northern provinces, from Texas to California, were underpopulated and difficult to defend, so Mexico encouraged American settlement and trade.
 * Mexican Borderlands**

The Oregon Country was scarcely populated before 1840. By 1820, Spanish descent populated this province, engaging mainly in sheep raising and mining. In 1821, Spain granted independence to Mexico, which then embraced areas that currently make up the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and much of Colorado. Spain's mercantilist policies had closed the region to outside traders, but the Republic of Mexico opted for a more open trade policy. Mexico in 1821 informed its northern neighbors of the changed laws encouraging trade. This action succeeded in stimulating a commercial prosperity and whetted expansionist appetites on the United States side of the border. Americans were also attracted to potentially rich farmland in the Oregon Country in the early 1840s.
 * The Oregon Country.**

California was the other major northward extension of Mexico. Spanish missionaries and soldiers had taken control of the region in the late eighteenth century. In the 1820s and 1830s, not many people lived in this area. In 1833, the Mexican Congress's "secularization act" emancipated the Indians from church control and opened the mission lands to settlement. A new class of large landowners, or //rancheros//, became the province's indigenous population. Their flamboyant lifestyle and devotion to the pursuit of pleasure captured the fancy and aroused the secret envy of many American visitors and traders who were mostly involved in the oceanic trade between Boston and California ports.
 * California.**

=**THE TEXAS REVOLUTION**=
 * Causes || Events || Results ||
 * Spain had accepted a proposal from several American entrepreneurs to bring American settlers into Texas.

Friction soon developed between the Mexican government and the Anglo-American colonists over the status of slavery and the authority of the Catholic Church.

The Mexican Congress banned slavery in Texas and prohibited further immigration by American citizens, but settlers, both white and slave, continued to cross the border from the United States. Tensions rose as Americans demanded a greater say in their own affairs. || In 1834, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized power in Mexico, determined to exercise greater control over Texas, but failed.

The American Texans responded with a declaration of independence (March 2, 1836), but the first confrontation of the Texas Revolution was a disaster for them.

Sam Houston captured Santa Anna, and forced the general to sign a treaty that recognized Texas's independence in return for his freedom || Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas's independence.

Independent Texans claimed the two-thousand-mile-long Rio Grande as their southern and western border.

The Republic of Texas chose Sam Houston as its first president, created a legislature and court system, and received diplomatic recognition from the United States, Great Britain, and France.

Most Texans, however, expected and wanted their independence to be short-lived. But the Republic's petition for annexation to the United States was refused in 1837, and Texas did not become a state until 1845. ||

**WHY WERE THE CONFLICTS CENTERED ON THE STATUS OF SLAVERY AND THE AUTHORITY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH?**
Under the terms of settlement, all people living in Texas had to become Mexican citizens and adopt the Roman Catholic faith. The dispute centered on the unwillingness of Anglo-American settlers to become Mexicans. Slavery presented another problem, for in 1829 Mexico freed all slaves under its jurisdiction. Slaveholders in Texas were given a special exemption that allowed them to emancipate their slaves and then force them to sign lifelong contracts as indentured servants, but many refused to limit their ownership rights in any way. Settlers either converted to Catholicism only superficially or ignored the requirement entirely.

=**THE MORMON TREK**=

A new religious group also came out of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose supporters were called **Mormons.** Its founder was **Joseph Smith**, who claimed that he was led by the angel Moroni to decipher the Book of Mormon, which told of the migration of ancient Hebrews to America and the founding of the true church. Smith and his followers faced persecution wherever they went because of their radical teachings, particularly their endorsement of polygamy. In the 1830s, the Mormons established communities in **Ohio** and **Missouri** but the former went bankrupt in the Panic of 1837 and the latter was the target of angry mobs and vigilante violence. The Mormons settled in **Nauvoo, Illinois**, in 1839, but Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob in 1844. Leadership of the church passed to **Brigham Young**. In 1847, Young led about fifteen thousand Mormons to the valley of **Great Salt Lake.** Eventually, they settled in **Utah** and began to develop what he called the state of Deseret, which was a model of discipline and cooperation. Because of its communitarian form of social organization, its centralized government, and the religious dedication of its inhabitants, this frontier society was able to expand settlement in a planned and efficient way and develop a system of irrigation that "made the desert bloom." Although Mormons were initially encroaching illegally into Mexican territory, they soon seceded to America.

= = =**Election of 1844**=

The Democratic Party candidate for the Election of 1844, **James K. Polk** was an expansionist calling for the simultaneous annexation of Texas and assertion of American claims to all of Oregon. The Whig Party candidate, **Henry Clay**, was an 'anti-expansionist' on the other hand. In the end Polk had a narrow win due to the Liberty Party candidate, Birney, taking away enough votes from Clay. However, due to the fact that the Democrats had a narrow win meant that they would have a harder time implying their expansionist policies, and had less of a clearer 'mandate' to push their ideas. However, as a result of Polk's victory the mood changed and luckily the congress reconsidered the annexation of Texas and was approved a few days before Polk took office. During the Polk administration America was able to expand, with an expansion of more than 500,000 square miles of territory being added; however, the price was high by using $100 million and the lives of 13,000. Polk was also able to avoid war with Great Britain by creating the 49th Parallel.



=**Doctrine of Manifest Destiny**= The phrase “Manifest Destiny” was coined by O’Sullivan and the three main ideas he carried were:
 * God was on the side of American expansionism
 * Free Development, idea was that the spread of American rule meant what other propagandists for expansion described as “extending the area of freedom.”
 * Population growth required the outlet that territorial acquisitions would provide

== Polk's vision of a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific was not a new idea, but soon after his election, Americans received a well-phrased rationale to justify expansion. In 1845, **John L. O'Sullivan**, publisher of the //Democratic Review//, wrote that it was the nation's “manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.” The two words “manifest destiny” quickly caught on, soon coming to mean that those who favored expansion had God on their side and were engaged in the noble task of spreading democracy. Despite the fact that the expansionist doctrine was based partly on the notion of racial superiority—O'Sullivan referred to the “superior vigor of the Anglo-Saxon race”—it appealed both to supporters of slavery, who wanted Texas annexed, and to antislavery advocates, who favored adding California and Oregon to the Union.

Proponents of manifest destiny claimed that a continental United States would benefit from trade with Asia, from the commercial advantages of San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound, and from lower tariffs. Sea-to-sea expansion would also safeguard democracy, give the nation room to grow, and preserve the essential character of the country as an agricultural nation in the Jeffersonian tradition.

=Activity #1= We will divide the class into two groups and have a game. The group that finds the most symbols will win. Look at the following picture and identify the symbols that encourage Americans to move westward and support Manifest Destiny? Bison herds and Indians - the unconquered land Stringing telegraph wire that the Goddess holds - communication Goddess - God supports Manifest Destiny Homesteaders, wagons - settlers

=**Mexican-American War** =

The causes of the Mexican American War were about the rage the Mexicans had about the annexation of Texas. When Texas claimed that the unsettled territory between Nieces River and the Rio Grande was theirs, Mexico took this as a chance to let their rage out. When America annexed Texas, Mexico had broken off diplomatic relations and prepared armed forces and as defense Polk had placed troops in Louisiana on alert. Polk had also dispatched John Slidell to Mexico city to resolve the bounty dispute, to persuade the Mexicans to sell New Mexico and California to them.

April 24, 1600 Mexican soldiers crossed the river and attacked a small American detachment, killing 11 and capturing rest; and May 13 congress declared war. Mexicans refused to make peace despite a succession of military defeats. In the end, when Mexico City was captured September 15, Nicholas P. Trist, a diplomat who had been with Smith's soldiers until Mexico surrendered, had the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo signed on February 2, 1848. This treaty added New Mexico and California for $15 million. The Gadsden Purchase, almost a part of the treaty, was although expensive, $10 million for a small piece of land, this land contained a pass through the mountains suitable for a railroad.

**Effects of Mexican- American War**
After the Mexican American War expansionism started to die out. The War had divided the American public and provoked political dissension. Although expansionism died out, racism started to take its place .The reason America's expansionism had come to a halting stop was because of this racism and the anti- colonialism. Ruled in the way British governed India, however the possession of colonial dependencies was contrary to American ideals and traditions. People who were of mixed Spanish and Indian origins wouldn’t have been able to fit in as citizens of the United States, becoming second class citizens of the United States.

=Activity#2=

Now that you have learned about the Manifest Destiny and the Mexican American war, time to analyze some documents! Using **APPARTS**, analyze The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For the sake of time, this treaty is cut to Article 3. On your own time, if you are interested check out the rest of the treaty here.


 * Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848**

IN THE NAME OF ALMIGHTY GOD The United States of America and the United Mexican States animated by a sincere desire to put an end to the calamities of the war which unhappily exists between the two Republics and to establish Upon a solid basis relations of peace and friendship, which shall confer reciprocal benefits upon the citizens of both, and assure the concord, harmony, and mutual confidence wherein the two people should live, as good neighbors have for that purpose appointed their respective plenipotentiaries, that is to say: The President of the United States has appointed Nicholas P. Trist, a citizen of the United States, and the President of the Mexican Republic has appointed Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto, and Don Miguel Atristain, citizens of the said Republic; Who, after a reciprocal communication of their respective full powers, have, under the protection of Almighty God, the author of peace, arranged, agreed upon, and signed the following: Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic.

ARTICLE I There shall be firm and universal peace between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, and between their respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people, without exception of places or persons.

ARTICLE II Immediately upon the signature of this treaty, a convention shall be entered into between a commissioner or commissioners appointed by the General-in-chief of the forces of the United States, and such as may be appointed by the Mexican Government, to the end that a provisional suspension of hostilities shall take place, and that, in the places occupied by the said forces, constitutional order may be reestablished, as regards the political, administrative, and judicial branches, so far as this shall be permitted by the circumstances of military occupation.

ARTICLE III Immediately upon the ratification of the present treaty by the Government of the United States, orders shall be transmitted to the commanders of their land and naval forces, requiring the latter (provided this treaty shall then have been ratified by the Government of the Mexican Republic, and the ratifications exchanged) immediately to desist from blockading any Mexican ports and requiring the former (under the same condition) to commence, at the earliest moment practicable, withdrawing all troops of the United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic, to points that shall be selected by common agreement, at a distance from the seaports not exceeding thirty leagues; and such evacuation of the interior of the Republic shall be completed with the least possible delay; the Mexican Government hereby binding itself to afford every facility in its power for rendering the same convenient to the troops, on their march and in their new positions, and for promoting a good understanding between them and the inhabitants. In like manner orders shall be despatched to the persons in charge of the custom houses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United States, requiring them (under the same condition) immediately to deliver possession of the same to the persons authorized by the Mexican Government to receive it, together with all bonds and evidences of debt for duties on importations and on exportations, not yet fallen due. Moreover, a faithful and exact account shall be made out, showing the entire amount of all duties on imports and on exports, collected at such custom-houses, or elsewhere in Mexico, by authority of the United States, from and after the day of ratification of this treaty by the Government of the Mexican Republic; and also an account of the cost of collection; and such entire amount, deducting only the cost of collection, shall be delivered to the Mexican Government, at the city of Mexico, within three months after the exchange of ratifications. The evacuation of the capital of the Mexican Republic by the troops of the United States, in virtue of the above stipulation, shall be completed in one month after the orders there stipulated for shall have been received by the commander of said troops, or sooner if possible...

**AUTHOR** Who created the source? What do you know about the author? What is the author's point of view?

Where and when was the source produced? How might this affect the meaning of the source?
 * PLACE AND TIME**

Beyond information about the author and the context of its creation, what do you know that would help you further understand the primary source? For example, do you recognize any symbols and recall what they represent?
 * PRIOR KNOWLEDGE**

For whom was the source created and how might this affect the reliability of the source?
 * AUDIENCE**

Why was this source produced at the time it was produced?
 * REASON**

What main point is the source trying to convey? What is the central message of the document?
 * THE MAIN IDEA**

Why is this source important? What inferences can you draw from this document? Ask yourself, "So what?" What should a student of history or politics take away from the analysis of this document?
 * SIGNIFICANCE**

=Assessment= Direction: Color and label the territories that we have covered so far. Use different color for each incident.